About Gavi, Pathanamthitta DT

ഇത് ഗവി, നാഗരികതയുടെ പിടിയില്‍ അമര്‍ന്ന് പോവാതെ നിലനില്‍ക്കുന്ന കേരളത്തിലെ അപൂര്‍വം ചില സ്ഥലങ്ങളില്‍ ഒന്നു..
സമുദ്രനിരപ്പിൽനിന്ന് 3,400 അടി ഉയരത്തിലാണ് ഗവി സ്ഥിതി ചെയ്യുന്നത്. കൊടുംവേനലിൽ പോലും വൈകിട്ടായാൽ ചൂട് 10 ഡിഗ്രിയിലേക്ക് എത്തുന്ന പ്രദേശമാണിത്. പുൽമേടുകളാൽ സമൃദ്ധമായ മൊട്ടക്കുന്നുകളാണ് ഗവിയുടെ മറ്റൊരു പ്രത്യേകത. ഇവിടെ ഒരു കുന്നിൻ പുറത്തു നിന്ന് നോക്കിയാൽ ശബരിമലയുടെ ഒരു വിദൂര ദർശനം ലഭിക്കും.

ഒരിക്കൽപ്പോലും കണ്ടിട്ടില്ലാത്ത പൂക്കളും മരങ്ങളും പ്രകൃതിസ്നേഹികളെ ആകർഷിക്കാറുണ്ട് .പക്ഷിനിരീക്ഷകർക്കും ഏറ്റവും അനുയോജ്യമായ ഒരു പ്രദേശമാണ് ഗവി. മലമുഴക്കി വേഴാമ്പൽ, മരംകൊത്തി മുതലായ 323 തരം പക്ഷികളുടെ ഒരു സഞ്ചയം തന്നെയുണ്ടിവിടെ.കടുവ, ആന, പുലി, കരടി തുടങ്ങി പ്രധാന മൃഗങ്ങളുടെ ആവാസ കേന്ദ്രം കൂടിയാണ് ഈ മേഖല. 63 തരം മൃഗങ്ങളും 45 തരം ഉരഗങ്ങളും ഇവിടെയുള്ളതായി കണക്കാക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.കിലോമീറ്ററുകളോളം നീളത്തിൽ കാടിന്റെ ഹൃദയത്തിലൂടെയുള്ള യാത്ര വിനോദ സഞ്ചാരികളിൽ പലർക്കും ഒരു നവ്യാനുഭവമാകും. ആനക്കൂട്ടങ്ങൾക്ക് പുറമേ നീലഗിരി താർ എന്ന വരയാട്, സിംഹവാലൻ കുരങ്ങ് എന്നിവ കാട്ടിൽ വിഹരിക്കുന്നു. മലമുഴക്കി വേഴാമ്പലും ചിത്രശലഭക്കൂട്ടങ്ങളും വേറെ.കാടിന്റെ നിശബ്ദതയാസ്വദിച്ച് മറ്റ് ശല്യങ്ങളൊന്നുമില്ലാതെ വന്യമൃഗങ്ങളെ കാണാനായി ട്രക്കിങ്ങിന് പോകാനും വനപാലകരുടെ സുരക്ഷയിൽ കാടിനുള്ളിലെ ടെന്റിൽ താമസിക്കാനും അവസരമുണ്ട്. ഇതിനു പുറമേ ബോട്ടിംഗിനും ജംഗിൾ സഫാരിയും സാധ്യമാണ്.

വനം വകുപ്പിന്റെ ഇക്കോ-ടൂറിസം പദ്ധതി വിദേശി ടൂറിസ്റ്റുകളെയും ഇവിടേക്ക് ആകർഷിക്കുന്നു. ശബരിഗിരി ജലവൈദ്യുത പദ്ധതിയുടെ ഭാഗമായ എട്ടു തടാകങ്ങളിൽ ഒന്നാണ് ഗവിയിലേത്. അണക്കെട്ട് പണിയുന്ന നേരത്ത് താൽക്കാലികമായി നിർമ്മിച്ച കെട്ടിടമാണ് ഫോറസ്റ്റ് മാൻഷനായി മാറിയത്. വിനോദ സഞ്ചാരികൾക്ക് താമസിക്കാൻ ഇപ്പോഴുള്ള ഏക സങ്കേതമാണിത്. 950 മുതൽ 1750 രൂപ വരെയുള്ള വിവിധ പാക്കേജുകൾ നിലവിലുണ്ട്. പക്ഷേ മുൻകൂട്ടിയുള്ള ബുക്കിംഗ് ആവശ്യമാണ്

മനുഷ്യ ഇടപെടലിന്റെ ആധിക്യം മൃഗങ്ങളുടെ ആവാസ വ്യവസ്ഥക്ക് തന്നെ ഭീഷണി സൃഷ്ടിച്ചിക്കുന്നതിനാൽ സന്ദർശന അനുമതി നിശ്ചിത എണ്ണം വിനോദ സഞ്ചാരികൾക്ക് മാത്രമായി പരിമിതപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നു. മുൻകൂട്ടി ബുക്ക് ചെയ്ത് വള്ളക്കടവ് വഴി എത്തുന്ന നിശ്ചിത എണ്ണം സഞ്ചാരികൾക്കുള്ള സൗകര്യങ്ങളാണ് ഇവിടെയുള്ളത്.

How to list folders directories in DOS shell

Hi there,
        Today, we are gonna discus about the DOS or Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS DOS) , the grand grand parent of Microsoft's windows 7, windows 8,..  IBM PC-DOS (and the separately sold MS-DOS) and its predecessor, 86-DOS, were loosely inspired by Digital Research's CP/M, which was the dominant disk operating system for 8-bit Intel 8080 and Zilog Z80 based microcomputers. PC-DOS ran on Intel 80x86-family.

        It was in the age of systems without the graphical user interface (GUI), that is, no mouse click or multitasking environment. The user can give some inputs by typing in the shell and it returns some response according to the input. Here, we are gonna see how to list folders and files in the disk drives without using the GUI

        You can start your dos emulator by typing the command 'cmd' in the run box then press Enter key.

       You'll get a window as shown above.

To list all files and folders, we have two commands
1.dir

      It shows a simple list of the directories and  folders.

2.tree

     It is a variety of listing. by using this command, we can show the directories and files in a tree form. So we can easily find parents of directories and files.

That's it.. :)
Thanks for reading

Creating A Simple Table

Objectives
 To create a simple table with borders and headers.
Instructions
You will insert a table into your HTML page from the Insert Pane. The table will make use of the following tags- <TABLE>, <CAPTION>, <TR>, <TH> and <TD>.

Comments
The insert table option in the Insert Pane is used to create initial table templates.  The more advanced table attributes cannot be applied to your table at this stage.  You will normally use this option to create a simple table using the default settings and then modify it afterwards.

Activity 1

Enter an appropriate title for your HTML document. e.g., Creating Tables with Dreamweaver.  Right Click on the document window Design View and select the option Page Properties…. Type the title into the Title: text box in the Page Properties dialog box. Click OK in this dialog box and then save your document into the directory you created in Task 2

Activity .2 

You will now insert a table template using Dreamweaver’s Insert Pane.  Click on the Insert Table icon  on the Common tab of the Insert Pane tool bar. (If the Insert Pane is currently minimised, click the on the Insert Pane title.)

The dialog box gives you the options to set six of the most important table definition attributes. Create a table with 3 rows, 4 columns, a width of 70% and a border of 2 pixels. (Cell Padding defines the width in pixels between the edge of a table cell and its' contents. Cell Spacing defines the width in pixels between individual table cells. These attributes gives extra control over the appearance of a table.)

Activity 3 

In the document window click the Show Code View button .  This will open the Code View which shows all the HTML code in the document. Click on the body of the Code View to give it the focus, at which point it has a white background which indictates that it is ready for editing. At present the only code present is that automatically generated by Dreamweaver upon opening a new document, and also the HTML generated when you inserted a new table from the object palette


The following HTML tags will be inserted into your document.

 <table width="70%" border="2">

  <tr>    
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>    
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>  
 <td>
&nbsp;
</td>  
 <td>
&nbsp;
</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>     <td>
&nbsp;
</td>
    <td>
&nbsp;
</td>    
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>  
  <td>
&nbsp;
</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>  
 <td>
&nbsp;
</td>    
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>    
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>  
 <td>
&nbsp;
</td>
  </tr>
</table>

 The &nbsp;  seen above is the HTML code for a nonbreaking space. Dreamweaver inserts this into empty cells because some browsers collapse the cell without it.

Using Microsoft Word's "Save as Web Page" Feature

As you saw above, Musician can make things simpler, but there is a price that you must pay for this comfort.  Now you'll look at an even simpler function available straight in Ms Term.

• Come back to Ms Term.

• Start the computer file known as All_About_Mustard.doc, if it is not already open.

• Select File > Preserve as Web Web page. Note: This function is only available in some variations of Term.  In past variations it was marked Preserve as HTML.  In even mature variations, it simply does not are available.

 • Name this computer file mustard_word.html. • Simply select the option noticeable OK. Now take a look at the Website you just designed in Netscape Gps.

 • Come back to Netscape.

• Select File > Start Web page.  (Mac customers should select File > Start > Web page in Gps.)

• A dialogue box should appear.  Get around to your guide directory.  (Windows customers will need to select the Select File option.)

• Select the mustard_word.html computer file, and select the Start option. The Word-generated Website should now be shown in the web browser.  Wow!  That was simple and fast.  But if you take some time to look over the page, you may discover that it's not all that great. Take a second to analyze the resource value and see what Term hath wrought:

• Select Perspective > Web page Source.

 • Examine the HTML value.

• When you're done, close this screen. It may entertain you to know that some Web publishing offers actually offer a function known as Fresh Up Ms Term HTML. It's also helpful to evaluate the styles of the information you've designed so far.

 • Start your guide directory. o Microsoft windows users: Select Perspective > Information. o Mac users: Select Perspective > as List.

 • You may need to flourish the screen to see everything

. • Simply select the tab noticeable Dimension to type the information by size.

 • Compare the computer file styles.  Keep in mind that when it comes to Websites, small is beautiful! You can try to confirm mustard_word.html if you wish, but the results will be the same as with the page produced through Musician.

Designating Links

It would be awesome if the detailed sites were clickable hyperlinks.  In this area, you will create them into hyperlinks by labels them as core bolts.  Then you'll point the core bolts to the appropriate URLs.

• Come back to your written text manager.  The mustard.html computer file should still be start.

• Indicate the name of each website as an core with the A factor. Example:

 <A>Mount Horeb Mustard Museum</A>

• Each core tag must be extended to consist of the HREF (hyper-reference) feature. <A HREF=" ">Mount Horeb Mustard Museum</A>

• Each hyper-reference must be set to a URL.  In other terms, the URL is what goes between the quotes. Hint:  Rather than kind each URL manually, simply cut and insert.

 <A HREF="http://www.mustardweb.com">Mt Horeb Museum</A>

• Select File > Preserve to avoid wasting your valuable perform.

• Come back to Netscape and load the website to examine your perform.

• It's sound exercise to adhere to your hyperlinks and create sure they perform. You should notice some unusual space in your record of hyperlinks.   That's because your now have two BR (line break) labels between each website name and its information.  You can fix this quickly:

• Come back to your written text manager, and remove the additional BR labels from the record of hyperlinks.

• Select File > Preserve, then go back to Netscape and load the website. 

Marking Inline Elements

Now you will keep assign the framework of the writing, but at the inline- or text-level, rather than the block-level.

• Come back to your written text manager.  The mustard.html computer file should still be start.

• Indicate the term 70 gallons as highlighted with the EM or STRONG labels.

• Indicate the term Gospel of Johnson as a quotation with the CITE labels.

• Put range smashes in the record of hyperlinks using the BR tag. Hint:  The tag should go between the name of the website and its URL.  Put another one between the URL and the brief information.  Also, keep in mind that this is an vacant material tag, so there is no ending tag.

 • Select File > Preserve to avoid wasting your valuable perform.

 • Come back to Netscape and load the website to examine your perform. Notice the outcomes of the changes you just created.  Your Website should now look like the Term papers with which you started. 

Validating Your Work

Before you proceed, it's a good idea to validate your HTML and make sure you're on track so far.

 • Point your browser to this URL:
                  http://validator.w3.org/

This is the W3C's HTML validation service.  It allows you to enter a URL for any page that's on the Web and check the validity of its HTML.

• Since your Website is not on the Web (yet), follow the "upload files" link toward the bottom of the site. This will take you to a web page which allows you to check the credibility of information from your disk drive.

 • Simply select the Browse option.

• Navigate to your guide directory, select the mustard.html file, and select the Open option.

• Simply select the Confirm this document option.

If you're fortunate, you'll get a "No mistakes found!" concept.  If not, analyze the outcomes to see if you can determine your error.  Once you've repaired your mistakes, try to confirm your papers again.  Don't shift on to the next area until you be successful.  

Marking Block Elements

Now you will assign the primary framework of the writing.  Each slice of written text must be specific as that belong to a prevent factor such as a going or a passage. To be able to assign a component, you must encompass the slice of written text with the appropriate labels.  An starting tag, such as <P>, represents the starting of the factor.  A ending tag, such as </P> (note the ahead slash) represents the end of the factor. • Indicate the first going.  That's the line which flows "All About Mustard."  Since it's the going for the whole web page, measure the level as a first-level going, like so:

         <H1>All About Mustard</H1>

Note:  That's a number one (1) after the H, not a lowercase letter L !

• Choose File > Save to save your work.

That's all there is to it.  This is what's meant by marking an element. Now check your work:

• Return to Netscape.

• The mustard.html page should still be displayed, but the browser is showing the old version.  To display the changes you just made, click the Reload button.

The web browser should load the web page.  It is, in simple terms, re-reading the computer file from the hard drive and getting the new edition you just stored.  You should notice a very recognizable change in the page's overall look. Now you must keep indicate up the relax of the writing.  This process needs you to exercise some verdict.  The following guidelines do not tell you exactly what to type.  Rather, you will be directed to "mark all the sections," for example.  It is up to you to decide what is really a passage, and to determine which tag to use.  Consult the published Term papers and other components as you need them.  You should save your perform often, and check your perform in the web browser often.

• Return to your text editor.  The mustard.html file should still be open.  (If not, you will need to open it within your text editor.)

 • Mark all the headings.  Remember that headings range from H1 (most important) to H6 (least important).  You've already marked a first-level heading, so mark up some second- and third-level ones.


Hint:  There are three second-level headings and two third-level headings in the document.


For example, the second heading should be marked to look like this:

 <H2>An Abbreviated History of Mustard</H2> 

Titling Your Document

Before labels up your written text, you need to provide the HTML papers a headline.

 • Come back to your written text manager.  The mustard.html computer file should still be start.  (If not, you will need to start it within your written text manager.)

• Look for the TITLE labels, in the HEAD of the papers.

• Remove the phrase Untitled from between the TITLE labels.

• Kind a new headline, such as Example Web Web page About Mustard. The headline factor should now look something like this:

<TITLE>Your Title Here</TITLE>

• Save your file.

From Word Processor to Web Page

Often your Web pages will begin their digital life as word processing documents.  In order to "mark up" such a document with HTML, you must first get it into a plain text format. One way to do this is by saving the document as a "text only" file.  A simpler way is to copy the text from the word processing program and paste it into a text editor, much as you did with the template.txt file.  Here's how:

                   • Begin the computer file named All_About_Mustard.doc which you stored to your guide directory.  (Double-clicking the file's symbol should release Microsoft Term.  If not, you will have to begin with Term yourself and open the computer file from Term.)

• Take a moment to look over the papers and familiarize yourself with its contents and general structure.  A duplicate of this papers is attached to the end of this tutorial; you may find it more convenient to refer to the printed duplicate as you proceed.

• Choose Modify > Choose All to decide on all the writing.

• Choose Modify > Copy to duplicate the selected written text.

• Begin the template.txt computer file which you stored in your guide directory.  (Double-clicking the file's symbol should release your written text manager.  If not, you will have to begin with your written text manager yourself and open the computer file within that application.)

• Click between the buying and selling BODY tags.

 • Choose Modify > Paste.  The written text you copied from Term should appear in the window of the writing manager.  Note that all the special style has been stripped away.  All that remains is plain written text and line breaks (carriage returns). o Windows users:  You may need to decide on Modify > Term Wrap to see all the writing.

Your document should now look something like this:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"     "http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/loose.dtd">

 <HTML>

<HEAD>    

   <TITLE>
Untitled</TITLE>
</HEAD>
  <BODY>
 All About Mustard An Shortened Record of Mustard The Greeks used mustard as a condiment and a medication but it was the Romans who first created actual cooking use of it by farming the seeds products and combining the flour with bottles, bright vinegar, oil and honies.  When they shifted into Gaul they took mustard vegetation with them and it was in the wealthy bottles increasing area of Wine red that mustard prospered. It is respected that at a event in 1336 joined by the Fight it out of Wine red and his relative Master David p the Reasonable, no less than 70 gallons of mustard were consumed.  Reviews do not say how pickled the visitors were. Pope David XX11 of Avignon liked mustard so much that he designed the publish of "Mustard Manufacturer to the Pope," a job he provided to an nonproductive nephew who resided near Dijon.  Dijon soon became the mustard center around the globe and actually so essential was it that in 1634 a law was approved to allow the men of the city the unique right to create mustard. 1777 saw the begin of mustard creating as we know it these days as it was in this season that Messieurs Greyish and Poupon established their organization.  They used Grey's formula and Poupon's money!  We still owe a lot to this redoubtable duo as in 1850 their organization developed a vapor managed farming device so finishing the era of time consuming and back-breaking side farming. And as God said in the Gospel of Thomas:  [The Empire of Heaven] is like a mustard seeds. It is the tiniest of all seeds; but when it drops on reguraly hoed ground, it is a fantastic place and becomes a protection for wildlife of the air. A Mustard Recipe Substances 4 Tbsps Dry mustard dust  1 Tbsp White Wine Vinegar  2 Tbsps Smooth alcohol  1 Clove Beans  1 Tsp. Glucose  1/2 Tsp. Sodium  1/4 Tsp. Turmeric extract  1 Tbsp Olive oil -- optionally available  Planning 1. Mix together dry mustard, bright vinegar and alcohol.  2. Use a garlic media or huge couple pliers to media the juice from the garlic clove into the combination.  3. Mix in sugar, salt and turmeric.  4. To create mustard better and less hot, add olive oil to flavor.  Mustard Hyperlinks § Européenne de Condiments  http://www.moutarde.com/ A mustard organization's web page § Mustard Gas http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmustard.htm A information of mustard gas § Install Horeb Mustard Art gallery  http://www.mustardweb.com/ The biggest selection of ready mustards

 </BODY>

</HTML>

Now you need to save a copy of this file, without overwriting our original template.  You also need to designate the new copy as a hypertext file, rather than a plain text file
. • Choose File > Save As…
 • Name the file mustard.html and click the Save button, making sure to save the file in your tutorial folder. Congratulations!  You've just created a Web page.  It's incomplete, to be sure, but take a moment to see how it looks in your Web browser:
• Return to Netscape.

• Choose File > Open Page.  (Mac users should choose File > Open > Page in Navigator.)

• A dialog box should appear.  Navigate to your tutorial folder.  (Windows users will need to click the Choose File button.)

 • Choose the mustard.html file, and click the Open button. Your Web page should now be displayed in the browser.  Note how all the text is run together.  All the extra whitespace and line breaks are ignored by the browser. Here's what you've accomplished so far: by using the template file, you saved yourself the chore of typing out the basic "shell" of the Web page.  The template establishes the global structure of the document, including version information and the HEAD and BODY. You've pasted raw text into the BODY of the document.  However, you have not yet marked up any of the text, and so the text has no logical structure. 

About Filename Extensions

Some operating-system use filename additions to recognize different kinds of information.  For example, a computer file known as papers.htm or papers.html is noticeable as a Web page.  A computer file known as papers.gif is noticeable as a particular type of picture computer file, while papers.jpg indicates an picture computer file of another format.  A Ms Word papers might be known as papers.doc, whereas a plain written text computer file would most likely be known as something like papers.txt. Web servers, which may run on a number of different operating-system, use filename additions to recognize computer file kinds. The Ms Disk Managing System (MS-DOS) uses filename additions.  Ms windows uses them too, since it is built "on top of" MS-DOS.  Ms windows is often configured to hide filename additions, so that you may not be conscious of them.  (But see below for the remedy.) The Mac OS doesn't use filename additions.  A very different system is employed to recognize different computer file kinds, so that a computer file known as papers could be almost anything -- written text, graphics, audio, video, whatever.  Mac customers who want to publish on the Web or share information with Ms windows customers need to be conscious of filename additions and start using them correctly. 

Hacking Tool NMAP

Introduction

  Hi, Here I'm introducing a powerful network analysis tool called 'NMAP'. If you are familiar with network analysis and the terms related to it, then you can skip to the next paragraph, else, continue reading. :)
For the clarity, I'll give you a brief introduction for the keywords used in this article
*IP address: IP address is internet protocol address, assigned for every network devices to identify it in a network.

* Network Mapping: The term 'Network Mapping' means explore or describe a network, or a network host with it's details like IP address,Host name, Ports, State of ports ( whether they are open or close )

*Port:  The port is an application-specific or process-specific software construct serving as a communications endpoint in host Operating system.

* Open Port: 'Open Port' output of nmap is a positive sign for the hackers. Open port is a port that always listen for accepting connections.  We can make use of it for grabbing the host.

*Filtered Port:  Filtered port is a port with some security features. They may/may not be open ports. It may use a firewall to filter the connectivity. But, a talented hacker can communicate with the port even it is blocked with a firewall.

The Tool NMAP

                 NMAP  is  a great network exploration tool and security or port scanner. The name NMAP stands for Network MAPper. It is an open source tool for network exploration and security auditing. It can rapidly scan larger networks as well as single hosts. Nmap uses raw IP packets to determine the type of hosts, OS running on the hosts, ports in the hosts, port numbers,state of scanned ports and also the state of ports in the host,etc...


       The NMAP tool produces a scanned output that describes the state of target systems or networks. It can give some supplemental information  on each depending on the options used.
A typical example of NMAP scanning is shown below

here, option -A is used for OS and version detection,trace route and script scanning  and -T4 is used for faster scanning execution.



The target can be host names, ip address, or networks..

Scanning Techniques

Scanning techniques includes the way of scanning the target. The output may vary according to the technique used for the scanning. The core scanning techniques are..

HOST DISCOVERY:
1.  -sL: List Scan - simply list targets to scan

2.  -sn: Ping Scan - disable port scan

3.  -Pn: Treat all hosts as online -- skip host discovery

4.  -PS/PA/PU/PY[portlist]: TCP SYN/ACK, UDP or SCTP discovery to given ports

5.  -PE/PP/PM: ICMP echo, timestamp, and netmask request discovery probes

6. -PO[protocol list]: IP Protocol Ping

7. -n/-R: Never do DNS resolution/Always resolve [default: sometimes]

8. --dns-servers <serv1[,serv2],...>: Specify custom DNS servers

9. --system-dns: Use OS's DNS resolver

10. --traceroute: Trace hop path to. each host









SCAN TECHNIQUES:

1.  -sS/sT/sA/sW/sM: TCP SYN/Connect()/ACK/Window/Maimon scans

2.  -sU: UDP Scan

3.  -sN/sF/sX: TCP Null, FIN, and Xmas scans

4. --scanflags <flags>: Customize TCP scan flags

 5. -sI <zombie host[:probeport]>: Idle scan

6. -sY/sZ: SCTP INIT/COOKIE-ECHO scans

7. -sO: IP protocol scan

8. -b <FTP relay host>: FTP bounce scan

PORT SPECIFICATION AND SCAN ORDER:




 1.  -p <port ranges>: Only scan specified ports
  
                 Ex: -p22; -p1-65535; -p U:53,111,137,T:21-25,80,139,8080,S:9
2. -F: Fast mode - Scan fewer ports than the default scan

3. -r: Scan ports consecutively - don't randomize

4.  --top-ports <number>: Scan <number> most common ports

5.  --port-ratio <ratio>: Scan ports more common than <ratio>




SERVICE/VERSION DETECTION:


 1.  -sV: Probe open ports to determine service/version info

 2.  --version-intensity <level>: Set from 0 (light) to 9 (try all probes)

 3.  --version-light: Limit to most likely probes (intensity 2)

 4. --version-all: Try every single probe (intensity 9)

 5.  --version-trace: Show detailed version scan activity (for debugging)



SCRIPT SCAN:


1.  -sC: equivalent to --script=default

2.  --script=<Lua scripts>: <Lua scripts> is a comma separated list of
           directories, script-files or script-categories

3.  --script-args=<n1=v1,[n2=v2,...]>: provide arguments to scripts

4.  --script-args-file=filename: provide NSE script args in a file

5.  --script-trace: Show all data sent and received

6.  --script-updatedb: Update the script database.

7.  --script-help=<Lua scripts>: Show help about scripts.
           <Lua scripts> is a comma separted list of script-files or
           script-categories.



OS DETECTION:


1.  -O: Enable OS detection

2.  --osscan-limit: Limit OS detection to promising targets

3.  --osscan-guess: Guess OS more aggressively


TIMING AND PERFORMANCE:


  Options which take <time> are in seconds, or append 'ms' (milliseconds),
  's' (seconds), 'm' (minutes), or 'h' (hours) to the value.
1.   -T<0-5>: Set timing template (higher is faster)

2.--min-hostgroup/max-hostgroup <size>: Parallel host scan group sizes

3.  --min-parallelism/max-parallelism <numprobes>: Probe parallelization

4  --min-rtt-timeout/max-rtt-timeout/initial-rtt-timeout <time>: Specifies
      probe round trip time.

5  --max-retries <tries>: Caps number of port scan probe retransmissions.

6.  --host-timeout <time>: Give up on target after this long

7.  --scan-delay/--max-scan-delay <time>: Adjust delay between probes

8.  --min-rate <number>: Send packets no slower than <number> per second

9.  --max-rate <number>: Send packets no faster than <number> per second



FIREWALL/IDS EVASION AND SPOOFING:



1.  -f; --mtu <val>: fragment packets (optionally w/given MTU)

2.  -D <decoy1,decoy2[,ME],...>: Cloak a scan with decoys

3.  -S <IP_Address>: Spoof source address

4.  -e <iface>: Use specified interface

5.  -g/--source-port <portnum>: Use given port number

6.  --data-length <num>: Append random data to sent packets

7.  --ip-options <options>: Send packets with specified ip options

8.  --ttl <val>: Set IP time-to-live field

9.  --spoof-mac <mac address/prefix/vendor name>: Spoof your MAC address

10  --badsum: Send packets with a bogus TCP/UDP/SCTP checksum











OUTPUT:



1.  -oN/-oX/-oS/-oG <file>: Output scan in normal, XML, s|<rIpt kIddi3,
     and Grepable format, respectively, to the given filename.
2. -oA <basename>: Output in the three major formats at once

3.  -v: Increase verbosity level (use -vv or more for greater effect)

4.  -d: Increase debugging level (use -dd or more for greater effect)

5.  --reason: Display the reason a port is in a particular state

6.  --open: Only show open (or possibly open) ports

7.  --packet-trace: Show all packets sent and received

8.  --iflist: Print host interfaces and routes (for debugging)

9.  --log-errors: Log errors/warnings to the normal-format output file

10.  --append-output: Append to rather than clobber specified output files

11.  --resume <filename>: Resume an aborted scan

12.  --stylesheet <path/URL>: XSL stylesheet to transform XML output to HTML

13  --webxml: Reference stylesheet from Nmap.Org for more portable XML

14  --no-stylesheet: Prevent associating of XSL stylesheet w/XML output


MISC:



1.  -6: Enable IPv6 scanning

2.  -A: Enable OS detection, version detection, script scanning, and traceroute

3.  --datadir <dirname>: Specify custom Nmap data file location

4.  --send-eth/--send-ip: Send using raw ethernet frames or IP packets

5.  --privileged: Assume that the user is fully privileged

6.  --unprivileged: Assume the user lacks raw socket privileges

7.  -V: Print version number

8.  -h: Print this help summary page.

           That's all about the cool NMAP  and thanks for reading :)

The Powerful DNS analysis tool dnsdict6

Hi guys, I'm gonna introduce a powerful Domain Name Server(DNS) analysis tool for you. It is useful to find the information on domains,sub domains,ip address,etc. To follow these all guidelines, I recommend you to use a linux distribution
   
       The tool dnsdict6 is compatible with linux debian versions like Ubuntu, Redhat Linux,Centos, Scientific Linux,etc...  Before talking about the tool, I'll tell you some simple concepts, like what is a domain,subdomain, dns server,ipaddress,etc

What is domain and subdomain

Wikipedia defines a domain name as " A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority, or control on the Internet." 

   Simply talking, domain name is a pointer to a remote server, that is the domain points to a remote computer's storage area(Webserver). 

   Subdomain is a domain under a domain

eg:mail.google.com

Domain example

eg: google.com 

           is a domain name. While we are typing google.com in a browser's address bar, do you know what's happening?

DNS Server

The browser sends a request to a dns server. DNS server contains a list of domain names (say google.com,facebook.com,texperia.com) and their ip address. The domain name get resolved into ip address and the browser gets redirected to the ip address. As I said earlier, the ip address indicates a web hosting space on a remote computer. 

    

dnsdict6 tool

Now, we can discuss the tool dnsdict6 

Syntax: dnsdict6 [-d46] [-s|-m|-l|-x] [-t THREADS] [-D] domain [dictionary-file]

It Enumerates a domain for DNS entries, it uses a dictionary file if supplied
or a built-in list otherwise. This tool is based on dnsmap by gnucitizen.org.

Options:

 -4      also dump IPv4 addresses

 -t NO   specify the number of threads to use (default: 8, max: 32).

 -D      dump the selected built-in wordlist, no scanning.

 -d      display IPv6 information on NS and MX DNS domain information.

 -S      perform SRV service name guessing

 -[smlx] choose the dictionary size by -s(mall=50), -m(edium=796) (DEFAULT)
           -l(arge=1416), or -x(treme=3211)

How to use dnsdict6? An example..

The dnsdict6 tool can be used for both ipv4 information gathering as well as ipv6 information gathering. Default configuration of dnsdict6 is for ipv6

To include ipv4, use the option -4 along with the command dnsdict6.

Hope you got this. Thank you :)

Indicator Remindor Lets You Set Up Reminders

Set up regular reminders to do things on Ubuntu, or set up an alarm for later today. Whether you want to remember to let your cat out of the swimming pool today around 3 or pick up the dog from his job every weekday at 6, the oddly-spelled Indicator Remindor (yep, with an “o”) can help you out by playing a sound, displaying a notification or even running any command.
 
                   Sure, you could use a schedule for pointers, but for many individuals that is overkill – they only need periodic pointers about certain factors. And besides, Remindor can do factors most schedules cannot, such as release any control you want whenever. This signal applet is incredibly simple to use and performs as promoted.












You can set an alarm for later today, which is simple – just enter a time. You can set an alarm for a future day by filling in the “Date” field: type something like “tomorrow“, “next Tuesday” or “August 27“; the software will figure out what it means (and if it can’t you’ll see a red circle with an “X” in the field).

You can even use this to set persistent pointers, eg. “every Tuesday”, “every 21″ or “every 1 month starting today“. Simply select the “Help” option if you get puzzled – it describes several illustrations.

If you are a fan of Ubuntu’s standard alert program (and you should be), you will be satisfied to know it’s reinforced. Convert the announcements on and you will see something.

Convert the “Notifications” change on for this to work. Of course, that might not be enough for you, so be sure to set up a audio as well. There are no involved appears to be, but you can choose any pc file on your pc.

You can keep notices, but that is hardly the most interesting function here. The most interesting function is probably…

…Commands!

Remindor becomes powerful once you realize it can launch commands. If you’re a command-savvy Linux user you know exactly what this means, but if not, just know that you can use this to launch any program at a set time. To do this you’ll need to know the program’s commands. Here is a quick rundown of the commands for apps you’ll probably recognize:

• firefox
• google-chrome
• vlc
• rhythmbox
• gedit

Even better, you can launch any program within certain parameters. For example: you could tell VLC to open a certain file at a certain time, just by using the command “vlc /path/to/your/freaking/file.mp3“.

Install Indicator Remindor

 

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:bhdouglass/indicator-remindor
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install indicator-remindor

The first adds the “indicator-remindor” PPA; the second updates your 
package list; the third installs the program. Alternatively you could 
use the (GUI) Y PPA, an easy-to-use PPA manager for Ubuntu. 

 

How to find MAC address in windows 7

 MAC addresses are most often assigned by the manufacturer of a network interface card (NIC) and are stored in its hardware, the card's read-only memory, or some other firmware mechanism. If assigned by the manufacturer, a MAC address usually encodes the manufacturer's registered identification number and may be referred to as the burned-in address. It may also be known as an Ethernet hardware address (EHA), hardware address or physical address. A network node may have multiple NICs and will then have one unique MAC address per NIC. So, the MAC address is unique in world wide

            Usually, there are two ways to find the MAC or physical address of the network card. The methods described below will work for both Local Area Network(LAN) cards and for Wireless LANs, Follow these steps

Method 1

 

1. Press the ctrl + r key or open the RUN window

2. Type "cmd" in the run box

3. On the command prompt, type the command "getmac"

4. That's it, you can find the MAC address of installed network cards.

Method 2

1. Press the ctrl + r key or open the RUN window

2. Type "cmd" in the run box

 3.On the command prompt, type the command ipconfig /all
4. That's all, It will list all installed network cards and it's details.

 

Parts that are marked in RED are the mac address of installed hardware. 

Enjoy..        :)

How to take screenshot in windows operating system

Sometimes in our daily computing life, we have to take a screenshot of the current working window, for keeping some info, or for some proof, etc. Now the Microsoft makes it easier through a simple tool called snipping tool.
       
             Using the snipping tool, you can simply take the screen shot of your computer screen or a specific portion in your computer screen.

             For windows XP, you have to manually install the snipping tool. You can download it from here!
Snipping tool is integrated with windows Vista and later versions up to Windows 8.

To find the snipping tool, just search on the start search box "snipping tool" as shown below

1. Creating Your First HTML Document

You are about to embark on a journey that will transform you from a mere Internet Surfer of the Web to
an Internet Author of Multimedia!


Objectives
After this class you will be able to:
l Recognize the significance and objective of HTML labels.
l Begin up a workplace for developing new HTML records.
l Use an itemized text manager to create the primary HTML framework for any website.
l Place non-displayed feedback into your HTML details.
l Begin your papers within your web online browser to see how it is shown.
Lesson
Now that you know what HTML is, let's move on using it.
(Quick questions -- what do those characters take a position for? If you study the past class you would know!).
What are HTML tags?
When a web online browser shows a web page such as the one you are studying now, it flows from a basically published text pc file,
and looks for unique requirements or "tags" that are noticeable by the < and > symptoms. The typical framework for a
HTML tag is:
<tag_name>string of text</tag_name>
As an example, the name for this area uses a headlines tag:
<h3>What are HTML tags?</h3>
This tag informs a web online browser to show the published text What are HTML tags? in the design of headlines stage 3
(We'll discover out more about these labels later). HTML labels may tell a web online browser to strong the published text, italicize it,
make it into a headlines, or create it be a hypertext weblink to another website. It is worth noting that the
ending tag,
</tag_name>
contains the "/" reduce personality. This "/" reduce informs a web online browser to quit labeling the published text. Many HTML
tags are combined this way. If you ignore the reduce, a web online browser will proceed the tag for the relax of the
text in your papers, generating unwanted outcomes (as an try things out you may want to try this later).
NOTE: A web online browser does not health care if you use higher or reduced situation. For example,
<h3>...</h3> is no different from <H3>...</H3>
Unlike on-line, if you create a typographical mistake in HTML you will not get a "bomb" or
"crash" the system; your website will basically look, well... incorrect. It is simple and fast to go within the
HTML and create the changes.
Your online browser has a little but open vocabulary! An exciting element of HTML is that if the browser
does not know what to do with a given tag, it will neglect it! For example, in this papers you are
viewing, the headlines tag for this area really looks like this:
<wiggle><h3>What are HTML tags?</h3></wiggle>
but since your online browser probably does not assistance a <wiggle> tag (I made it up, perhaps later on it
could cause the published text to trend across the screen?), it earnings with what it knows how to do. If I were
programming a new web online browser, I might select to add the performance for the <wiggle> tag into my
software.
Opening Up Your Workspace
To finish the training in this guide, you should create a second web display (this allows you to keep
this display with the class guidelines and one display as your "workspace"), plus open your text
editor program in a third display.
NOTE: This is a great place to tell you that we will offer guidelines that are
somewhat typical as the selection titles and pc file titles can vary based on which
web online browser you are using. If our guidelines say, "Select Begin Place... from the
File Menu" and your web online browser does not have that actual option, try to discover the
closest comparative option in your own web online browser.
So you will want to be fairly relaxed getting between different programs and windows on your

computer. Another option is to create out the class guidelines (but we really do not want to market that
kind of extreme shrub carnage).
Here are the actions for establishing up your "workspace":
1. From the File selection of your web online browser, select New Window or New Web Browser (The exact
name of the selection control can be different based on what online browser you are using). A
second web display should appear. Think of the first display as your "textbook" and the second
clone display as your "workspace" for finishing the HTML training.
NOTE: The only purpose to have two windows here is so that analysis the
instructions for the training and also perspective your managing papers. It is not
mandatory to have two windows open; it just creates your perform simpler. You
could also save this website or leap returning here via your Go or History
menu.
2. Next, you need to leap out of the web online browser and open your published text manager program.
NOTE: You will need to shift returning and forth between the different windows
to finish these training. This can be a task with regards to the dimension your
monitor. You may select to re-size the three windows so that they all fit on
your display or aspect your windows so you can basically select any of them to carry it
to the top side.
If you are using a term brand program to create your HTML, be sure to
save in basically published text (or ASCII) framework.
If you are just beginning out, we most STRONGLY suggest that you use the easiest published text editor
available -- SimpleText for the Apple or the Windows NotePad. Why not use those awesome HTML
editors? It is audio educational design that you first understand the principles and THEN look for strategies or
helpers that create the perform less boring.
Also, it will help you if you first create a new directory/folder on your pc that will be your work
area. You can contact it workarea or fb or whatever you like; just create sure that you keep all of
the details you create in this one place. It will create your life simpler... well, at least while managing on this
tutorial!
Creating Your HTML Document
An HTML papers contains two unique areas, the go and our bodies. The go contains information
about the papers that is not shown on the display. The body program then contains everything else that is
displayed as aspect of the website.


The primary framework then of any HTML web page is:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<html>
<head>
<!-- headlines details used to contain additional details about
this papers, not shown on the site -->
</head>
<body>
<!-- all the HTML for show -->
: :
: :
: :
</body>
</html>
The very first line:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
is not officially needed, but is a value that informs the world wide web browser what edition of HTML the present web page is
written for. For more details, see the W3C Referrals Requirements.
Enclose all HTML material within <html>...</html> labels. Inside is first your
<head>...</head> and then the <body>...</body> areas.
Also observe the thoughts labels encased by <!-- blah blah blah -->. The published text between the labels is
NOT shown in the website but is for details that might be of use to you or anyone else who
might look at the HTML value behind the website. When your websites get complex (like you will
see when we get into platforms, supports, and other fun things about 20 training from now!), material will
be very beneficial when you need to upgrade a web page you may have designed lengthy ago.
Here are the actions for developing your first HTML pc file. Are you ready?
1. If it is not open already, release your published text manager program.
2. Go to the published text manager display.
3. Get into the following published text (you do not have to media RETURN at the end of each line; the web
browser will term cover all text):


<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Volcano Web</title>
</head>
<!-- published for the Composing HTML Tutorial
by Lorrie Lava, Feb 31, 1999 -->
<body>
In this class you will use the Internet to research
information on volcanoes and then create a review on
your outcomes.
</body>
</html>
NOTE: Look where the <title>...</title> tag is situated. It is in the
<head>...</head> section and thus will not be noticeable on the display. What
does it do? The <title> tag is used to exclusively identify each papers and is
also shown in the name bar of the world wide web browser display.
In class 3 you will understand how to add a sequence of published text for a name that will appear
directly on your website.
Also observe that we have placed a statement tag that details the name of the author
and the time frame the papers was designed. You could create anything in between
the thoughts labels but it is only noticeable when you look at the resource HTML for
a website.
4. Preserve the papers as a pc file known as "volc.html" and keep it in the "work area" folder/directory
you set up for this guide. Also, if you are using a term brand program to create your HTML,
be sure to avoid wasting in basically published text (or ASCII) framework.
NOTE: For Windows 3.1 customers, you must save all of your HTML details with
names that end in .HTM, so in this situation your pc file should be VOLC.HTM. Do not
worry! Your web online browser is sensible enough to know that a pc file that has a name
that finishes in .HTM is an HTML pc file.
You can create details with titles like VOLC.HTML if you use Windows95 or a
later Windows based pc.
By using this pc file name expansion, a web online browser will know to study these published text details as HTML and
properly show the website.

Displaying Your Document in a Web Browser


1. Come returning to the web online browser display you are using for your "work space". (If you do not have a
second online browser display open yet, select New Window or New Browser from the File display.)
2. Select Begin File... from the File selection. (Note: For customers of Internet Traveler, basically select the Browse
button to select your file)
3. Use the dialogue box to discover and open the pc file you designed, "volc.html"
4. You should now see in the name bar of the workplace display the published text "Volcano Web" and in the
web web page below, the one phrase of <body> published text you had written, "In this class..."
Check Your Work
Compare your papers with a example of how this papers should appear. After watching the example,
use the returning option on your web online browser another to this web page.
If your papers was different from the example, evaluation the published text you joined in your published text manager.
A typical mistake we listen to is, "I cannot see the title!" You shouldn't! The published text within the
<title>...</title> tag is NOT shown on the web page; you should see it in the name bar of the
web online browser display.
The most typical mistake that newbies create here is that they try using a term handling program to
type HTML and then cannot look at it in their online browser, or if it does, the site is complete of odd garbage
characters. When you are beginning out, we encourage you to use the most primary published text manager such as the
Windows NotePad or SimpleText for Apple. Look for strategies later!
If you are looking for some free/cheap substitute published text publishers, our suggestions are EditPad (for
Windows) and BBEdit En aning (for Macintosh)
Review Topics
1. What are HTML tags?
2. Where is the published text of the name tag displayed?
3. What actions are engaged in developing a simple HTML document?
4. How do you create a statement tag?
5. How can you show your HTML papers in a web browser?
Independent Practice


Think of a subject for your own website. Now create your own HTML published text pc file that has a <title>
tag and a few starting phrases. Preserve the HTML pc file and load it in your web online browser. You might
want to create a different folder/directory for this pc file so you do not get it combined with all of the
volcano webpages you will create for this guide.
Keep this pc file useful as you will add to it in later training.
Coming Next....
Your first website is done!
But, to be sincere, it is fairly brief and not very exciting! In the next class you will change and update
your HTML papers.

How to disable proxy on firefox

Some times, because of some software installation, the firefox user get a response like
 * The proxy server is refusing connections
  * Firefox is configured to use a proxy server that is refusing connections.

To resolve this connectivity problem, follow
Steps:

1. Take the options menu


2. Click on the advanced tab in firefox

3. Click on the settings button in the menu as shown in the figure 

4. Select " No proxy" Radio button on that menu , then click OK button..       That's all. Enjoy :)

Waiting for jockey-backend to exit : Ubuntu installation problem

This is an error usually happened while the user is trying to install some software from the internet. Actually, the Jokey provides an interface for installing third party driver on the user pc. These third party drivers includes drivers which are released after the release of the os version.

How to resolve?

 

         The Jokey interface is running as a process and so we have to kill ( or terminate) that process to resolve this installation problem. So, follow these steps

STEPS:

1. take the terminal window. ( If you are using Graphical User Interface, press key combinations ctrl+alt+t                                          OR press ctrl+alt+f1 keys)

2. Switch to the Super User mode,   type  sudo su and give the password.

3. Type the command top. It will list all running  commands

type in the correct format as in the last line of  figure shown below

Enjoy opensource installations......... :)

Startup Automatically

Individual Mode

The simplest way to create i2p start-up instantly is to add it to your Gnome Period Startup. This, unfortunately, indicates i2p will only be operating when you're signed in, so you might want to analysis another technique if your on a multiuser program.

1. System: Preference: Sessions
2. Startup Programs: Add
3. Without quotes, enter "~/i2p/i2prouter start" and click ok.

Multi-User Mode

INIT.D Script

Note: Assuming sudo -i for all successive commands. This presumes a multi-user environment.

Create the init.d script file:

vi /etc/init.d/i2p

Assuming that you installed in /usr/local/i2p:

#### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          i2p
# Required-Start:    $syslog $time $local_fs $remote_fs
# Required-Stop:     $syslog $time $local_fs $remote_fs
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      S 0 1 6
# Short-Description: i2p anonymous proxy
# Description:       Debian init script for i2p
### END INIT INFO

set -e

PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/i2p
DAEMON=/usr/local/i2p/i2prouter

test -x $DAEMON || exit 0

. /lib/lsb/init-functions

case "$1" in
    start)
        log_daemon_msg "Starting i2p proxy" "i2p"
        $DAEMON start
        log_end_msg $?
    ;;
  stop)
        log_daemon_msg "Stopping i2p proxy" "i2p"
        $DAEMON stop
        log_end_msg $?
    ;;
  force-reload|restart)
    $0 stop
    $0 start
    ;;
  status)
    $DAEMON status
    ;;
  *)
    echo "Usage: /etc/init.d/i2p {start|stop|restart|force-reload}"
    exit 1
    ;;
esac

exit 0

Now update the RC links.

update-rc.d i2p defaults

i2p should now be available for all users after each successive system reboot.

PortForwarding

This isn't necessary anymore as I2P now has some technology to bypass NAT Routers, but will improve performance. This is a router issue and not something you can configure in I2P itself. Forward both UDP and TCP port 8887 to your local machine if your behind a router. PortForward.commight be able to help.

Setting up Privoxy

At this point you could stop. In order to access I2P websites you would need to tell Firefox to use "localhost:4444" as its proxy server. However, that also means that you won't be able to access normal websites until you undo this setting. Using privoxy we can have it decide based on the URL. 

1. Open Terminal
2. sudo apt-get install privoxy
3. gksudo gedit /etc/privoxy/config
4. Add the following lines at the BOTTOM of the config file:

   • #this forwards all requests to .i2p domains to the local i2p
     #proxy without dns requests
     forward .i2p localhost:4444

5. Close GEdit and save the file
6. sudo /etc/init.d/privoxy restart

Setup Firefox to use Privoxy

1. Edit: Preferences
2. On the General tab click the Connection Settings button
3. Click Manual proxy configuration and enter localhost with a port of 8118
4. No Proxy for: "localhost, 127.0.0.1"

With this setup you should be able to browse both normal websites and .i2p pages.

(You can also get the same functionality using the FoxyProxy Add-on, which is easier to configure.)

Troubleshooting

The first thing you can do to improve the quality of your I2P experience is to leave I2P running for a long period of time. If you have broadband, connect it and leave it running overnight. This will help ensure you're connected to enough peers to make a tunnel to your destination. The second thing you can do is turn off unwanted services. By default, i2P runs eeproxy to let you connect to other peoples anonymous websites (eepsites). It also runs some anonymous mail servers, an IRC proxy, and your own personal eepsite. Since I was only concerned with viewing other people's eepsites, I turned off everything except eeproxy. To do this in your system, just follow the steps :

1. Open http://localhost:7657
2. Click "Configuration" on the top left of the page.
3. Where it says "Network | Service | Update... " click Tunnels.
4. At the bottom of this page, click "i2ptunnel page"
5. Click the stop button next to services you wish to disable.
6. If you wish to permanently disable these services, click the service name and then uncheck the "Auto Start"

also you can put your doubts about i2p here!.

Enjoy the freedom of Internet and donot let anyone to lock you :)